Neutralizing Ability of Andrographis paniculata (burm.f.) Wall. Ex Nees Stem and Leaves Ethanolic Extract Against Neurotoxicity Induced by Naja philippinensis Taylor, 1922 Venom Based on Histological Changes in Danio rerio (f. Hamilton, 1822) Gills and Liver
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Abstract
The need for promising alternative sources of snake antivenin has placed a growing interest in utilizing pharmacologically active compounds derived from medicinal plants capable of inhibiting the deleterious effects of snake venom. This study evaluated the ability of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees in neutralizing the toxicity of Naja philippinensis Taylor, 1922 venom. Mature stem and leaves of A. paniculata were subjected to ethanolic extraction, and the extract was converted to powdered form through lyophilization. Ethanolic fraction was water soluble, and phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of N. philippinensis venom to Danio rerio (F. Hamilton, 1822), more commonly known as zebrafish, was 2.71±0.04 ppm. Seizures, hypolocomotion and paralysis were observed signifying the neurotoxic property of the venom. In-vitro neutralization of the venom LC50 with increasing concentrations of the extract was performed. The lethality inhibition within 24 hour exposure was used to express the median effective concentration (EC50-24h) of the crude extract. The lethality inhibition within 24 hours upon exposure was used to express the median effective concentration (EC50-24h) of the crude extract. Results showed that venom neutralization by A. paniculata ethanolic extract started at 77.64±0.82 ppm (EC50-24h). Histopathological analysis was employed in order to assess and compare the tissue damage induced by raw venom, with those induced by venom treated with various extract concentrations. Raw venom induced irreversible tissue damage in the gills and liver of exposed zebrafish. In contrast, venom treated with extract in higher concentration induced non-lethal alterations. The antivenom potential of A. paniculata has been demonstrated. Thorough investigation is highly recommended to elucidate the actual mechanism of its pharmacologically active compounds in neutralizing snake venom.
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