Competing Interest Statement

Authors submitting to the PUP Journal of Science and Technology (PUPJST) are required to
disclose any competing interests that could influence the interpretation or presentation of their
research. Competing interests may be financial, professional, or personal relationships that
could create a conflict of interest.

Examples of competing interests include, but are not limited to:
• Financial support or funding from organizations that may gain or lose financially from the
publication of the research.
• Employment, consultancy, or advisory roles in organizations related to the study.
• Ownership of patents, stocks, or shares in companies relevant to the research.
• Personal, academic, or professional relationships that may affect objectivity.

Authors must include a Competing Interests Statement in their manuscript. If there are no
competing interests, authors should state:

"The authors declare that there are no competing interests related to this work."

Failure to disclose competing interests may result in rejection or retraction of the article. The
journal follows the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) guidelines on conflicts of interest
and transparency in research.