Reaching the Marginalized: Do Education Expenditure and Other Indicators AlleviatePoverty in the Philippines

Authors

  • Sofia Mae O. Nuñez Polytechnic University of the Philippines Author
  • Reign Christine M. Aguado Polytechnic University of the Philippines Author
  • Jaira Mei B. Barua Polytechnic University of the Philippines Author
  • Charisse Mae O. Capariño Polytechnic University of the Philippines Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70922/r9ejvh30

Keywords:

Business Confidence, Education Expenditure, Government Expenditure, Unemployment, Poverty

Abstract

This study examines if government expenditure and other indicators alleviate poverty in the Philippines. This study employs time series data of unemployment rate, business confidence, and education expenditures from 2001-2022, making it to 21 observations. In this paper, several tests are used, namely Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) for stationarity, Breusch Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test, Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) for autocorrelation and multicollinearity. The Johansen Cointegration and the Pairwise Granger Causality Test were also performed to find out if there is a long-run relationship and causality between the variables. The results reveal that there is a long-run relationship and bidirectional causality between unemployment and poverty, also there is a longrun relationship but unidirectional causality between business confidence and poverty, while the education expenditures and poverty show no long-run relationship under the Johansen cointegration test and no causality under the Granger causality test. The findings suggest that policymakers should provide more job opportunities, enhance support for entrepreneurship, and allocate budgets for education properly to enhance the quality of education and ensure access for all.

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Author Biographies

  • Sofia Mae O. Nuñez, Polytechnic University of the Philippines

    SOFIA MAE O. NUÑEZ is a 4th-year student at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Economics. She has a keen interest in public economics and developmental economics, seeking to understand how these fields impact human lives and influence people’s everyday experiences. Her internship at the National Economic and Development Authority in the Trade, Services, and Industry Staff provided her with valuable insights into how the government manages the country’s economic standing. This experience was eye opening for her, highlighting the importance of economic policies in shaping fairer and more prosperous societies. She aims to delve deeper into these critical subjects, contributing to discussions on fostering equitable and thriving communities through well informed policy interventions. She is particularly passionate about helping her home province of Masbate, which remains one of the poorest provinces in the country, by developing strategies to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development. 

  • Reign Christine M. Aguado, Polytechnic University of the Philippines

    REIGN CHRISTINE M. AGUADO is an undergraduate student at Polytechnic University of the Philippines Main Campus taking a Bachelor of Science in Economics. She attended two schools in his secondary education where she earned academic credits under the STEM curriculum that jump started her interest in data analytics. At this stage, she conducted research that mainly focused on social capital, human capital and economic growth. She recently went to Landbank of the Philippines – Siniloan Branch to have  hands on learning about customer service and financial literacy. She believes that this was a good starting point to gauge his capabilities in performing applications of his learning in the academe. She aims to explore these crucial topics in greater depth, making valuable contributions to conversations about promoting equitable and affluent communities through education policy initiatives.

  • Jaira Mei B. Barua, Polytechnic University of the Philippines

    JAIRA MEI B. BARUA is a 4th year student studying Bachelor of Science in Economics at Polytechnic University of the Philippines. She honed her practical skills during her internship at the National Economic and Development Authority, where she worked under Social Development - Social Protection and Integration Division. Currently, she serves as the Sangguniang Kabataan Treasurer of Barangay Fort Bonifacio, actively engaging in community development. Her research interests encompass social capital, human capital, and development economics. Her past research endeavor was about the impact of economic variables on the education outcome of the Philippines. She aims to delve deeper into these critical subjects, contributing to discussions on fostering fairer and more prosperous societies through well-informed policy interventions.

  • Charisse Mae O. Capariño, Polytechnic University of the Philippines

    CHARISSE MAE CAPARIÑO was a student of Bachelor of Science in Economics at Polytechnic University of the Philippines. She achieved a high-honor in Humanities and Social Sciences in Senior High at the same university. She’s adept to the use of several multimedia tools, such as Google Suite, Microsoft Offices, Photoshop, Canva and statistical software like EViews and SPSS. During her internships at the Quezon City Youth Development Office and PUP PASUC Office, she honed her administrative, analytical, and data management skills. Her leadership extends to extracurricular activities, as she joined the creative committee in PUP Economic Society in 2023 and Strategic Communication for Luzon at Junior Philippines Economic Society in 2024. Her journey ignited her passion for research and public service, driving her commitment to academic and professional advancement.

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Published

2024-11-26

Issue

Vol. 16 No. 1 (2024): Social Sciences and Development Review

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Sofia Mae O. Nuñez, Reign Christine M. Aguado, Jaira Mei B. Barua, Charisse Mae O. Capariño (Author)

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Articles published in the SOCIAL SCIENCES AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW will be Open-Access articles distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). This allows for immediate free access to the work and permits any user to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose.

How to Cite

Nuñez, S. M., Aguado, R. C., Barua, J. M., & Capariño, C. M. (2024). Reaching the Marginalized: Do Education Expenditure and Other Indicators AlleviatePoverty in the Philippines. Social Sciences and Development Review, 16(1), 195-213. https://doi.org/10.70922/r9ejvh30